Forma (preferred term)

490 980 579 785 1105

Definition

Note: The variety of terms is due to the regional differences in foundry terminology. Forma is the total of all layers of investments ready to cast. Camicia or tunica are the first fine refractory clay layer applied directly on the wax. Mantello or cappa are the second coarser layer, often made of refractory clay, thick cloths, iron belts to help containing the pressure developing during the pour. (Add link or ref to “refractory mold?)

Homographs

Synonyms

Investment

Related Terms

To Be Distinguished From

Sources

Cultural Heritage Publications

Morigi, G. (1990) Fusione a cera persa con tecnica parzialmente indiretta. Tecnica impiegata nei bronzi a tutto tondo della Fontana del Nettuno di Giambologna, 1566. Bologna, Italy: Commune di Bologna (Quaderni di restauro, 3).
Pecchioli, R. (1999) ‘Indagine radiografica sulla statua in bronzo da Punta del Serrone (Brindisi)’, in Formigli, E. (ed.) I grandi bronzi antichi : le fonderie e le tecniche di lavorazione dall’età arcaica al Rinascimento: atti dei seminari di studi ed esperimenti, Murlo 24-30 luglio 1993 e 1-7 luglio 1995. Siena, Italy: Nuova immagine, pp. 191–202., (p. 193)

Historical Sources

Leonardo, da V. (1490) The Madrid codices. Translated by L. Reti. New York: McGraw-Hill. Available at: http://www.bne.es/en/Colecciones/Manuscritos/Leonardo/., (fols. 154v and 142v)
Biringuccio, V. (1540) De la pirotechnia: 1540. Edited by A. Carugo. Milano: Edizioni Il Polifilo., (fols. 77v-78)

Category

objects

Getty AAT

300237989

Translations

German formmantel

Cultural Heritage Publications

Alscher, L. (ed.) (1987) Lexikon der Kunst: Architektur, Bildende Kunst, Angewandte Kunst, Industrieformgestaltung, Kunsttheorie. Leipzig, Germany: E. A. Seemann., (p. 554)
German gussmantel

Cultural Heritage Publications

Maaz, B. (2010) Skulptur in Deutschland zwischen Französischer Revolution und Erstem Weltkrieg. Berlin München: Deutscher Kunstverlag., (p. 706)
Spanish recubrimiento cerámico
French moule de potée

Historical Sources

Boffrand, G. (1743) Description de ce qui a été pratiqué pour fondre en bronze d’un seul jet la figure équestre de Louis XIV, élevée par la ville de Paris dans la place de Louis le Grand, en 1699…. Paris: Guillaume Cavelier. Available at: https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010863229/page/n3.
Diderot, D., Alembert, J. L. R. d’ and etc (1751) Encyclopédie; ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, (17 tomes vol). Paris: Briasson. Available at: http://enccre.academie-sciences.fr/encyclopedie/., (1752 t. 2 p436–43 entry « bronze terme de fonderie »)
Mariette, P.-J. (1768) Description des travaux qui ont précédé, accompagné et suivi la fonte en bronze d’un seul jet de la statue équestre de Louis XV, le Bien-Aimé, dressée sur les mémoires de M. Lempereur. Paris: Imprimerie de P.-G. Le mercier. Available at: https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010908289/mode/2up.

Cultural Heritage Publications

Baudry, M. T., Bozo, D. and Inventaire général des monuments et des richesses artistiques de la, F. (1978) La Sculpture: Méthode et vocabulaire. Paris: Impr. nationale (Principes d’analyse scientifique)., (p625)
Bewer, F. G., Bourgarit, D. and Bassett, J. (2008) ‘Les bronzes français (XVIe-XVIIIe siècle) : notes techniques’, in Bronzes français de la Renaissance au Siècle des lumières. Musée du Louvre-Somogy. Paris: Bresc G. & Scherf G., pp. 28–41.

Art and Craft Textbooks

Rama, J.-P. (1988) Le bronze d’art et ses techniques. Dourdan: Editions H. Vial., (p260)
Lambert, D. (2002) Moulage et fonderie d’art : Du modèle au bronze final. Dourdan: Vial., (p216)
French moule

Historical Sources

Félibien, A. (1690) Des principes de l’architecture, de la sculpture, de la peinture et des autres arts qui en dépendent : avec un dictionnaire des termes propres à chacun de ces arts (2e éd.). Available at: https://books.google.fr/books?id=U608AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Des+principes+de+l%27architecture,+de+la+sculpture,+de+la+peinture,+et+des+autres+arts+qui+en+dependent&source=bl&ots=nZg777z-hp&sig=qUkY7cxHopH87OttxmPy055m730&hl=fr&ei=muiLS57XFsb#v=onepage&q=Des%20principes%20de%20l’architecture%2C%20de%20la%20sculpture%2C%20de%20la%20peinture%2C%20et%20des%20autres%20arts%20qui%20en%20dependent&f=false., (p329)

Copper Industry

Association Technique de Fonderie, Commission Ingénieurs et Techniciens (1979) Dictionnaire idéologique de fonderie / indexed foundry dictionary / systematisches GieBereiwdrterbuch. Meudon, France: Techniques des industries de la Fonderie.
French moule de coulée

Historical Sources

Gonon, E. (1876) ‘L’art de fondre en bronze à cire perdue’. Paris. Available at: https://inha.revues.org/3522., (p6)

Cultural Heritage Publications

Rolley, C. (1994) ‘La sculpture grecque, tome 1, des origines au milieu du Ve siècle.ID - 1557ID  - 188’, Manuels d’art et d’archéologie antiques, Picard., (p69)
Mille, B. and Robcis, D. (2012) ‘Le cas des grands bronzes antiques. Etudier pour restaurer ou restaurer pour étudier ?’, in La restauration des peintures et des sculptures. Connaissance et reconnaissance de l’oeuvre. Paris: Armand Colin, pp. 101–115.
Azéma, A. and Mille, B. (2013b) ‘Un point sur la technique de fabrication des grands bronzes antiques’, L’actualité chimique, 377, pp. 43–44.

Art and Craft Textbooks

Dubos, J. (2003) ‘Fondeur d’art aujourd’hui’, Techne, 18, pp. 49–56.
French potée

Art and Craft Textbooks

Rama, J.-P. (1988) Le bronze d’art et ses techniques. Dourdan: Editions H. Vial., (p375)
Lambert, D. (2002) Moulage et fonderie d’art : Du modèle au bronze final. Dourdan: Vial., (p274)
Italian forma

Cultural Heritage Publications

Morigi, G. (1990) Fusione a cera persa con tecnica parzialmente indiretta. Tecnica impiegata nei bronzi a tutto tondo della Fontana del Nettuno di Giambologna, 1566. Bologna, Italy: Commune di Bologna (Quaderni di restauro, 3).
Pecchioli, R. (1999) ‘Indagine radiografica sulla statua in bronzo da Punta del Serrone (Brindisi)’, in Formigli, E. (ed.) I grandi bronzi antichi : le fonderie e le tecniche di lavorazione dall’età arcaica al Rinascimento: atti dei seminari di studi ed esperimenti, Murlo 24-30 luglio 1993 e 1-7 luglio 1995. Siena, Italy: Nuova immagine, pp. 191–202., (p. 193)

Historical Sources

Leonardo, da V. (1490) The Madrid codices. Translated by L. Reti. New York: McGraw-Hill. Available at: http://www.bne.es/en/Colecciones/Manuscritos/Leonardo/., (fols. 154v and 142v)
Biringuccio, V. (1540) De la pirotechnia: 1540. Edited by A. Carugo. Milano: Edizioni Il Polifilo., (fols. 77v-78)
Italian camicia

Historical Sources

Biringuccio, V. (1540) De la pirotechnia: 1540. Edited by A. Carugo. Milano: Edizioni Il Polifilo., (fol. 95)
Italian cappa
Italian chappa

Historical Sources

Leonardo, da V. (1490) The Madrid codices. Translated by L. Reti. New York: McGraw-Hill. Available at: http://www.bne.es/en/Colecciones/Manuscritos/Leonardo/., (fol. 156v)
Italian mantello (di fusione)

General Dictionaries

Enciclopedia Treccani. (2010). Rome, Italy: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana., (https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fusione_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/)

Cultural Heritage Publications

Carruba, A. M. (2006) La Lupa capitolina: un bronzo medievale. Rome, Italy: De Luca., (p. 24)
Formigli, Edilberto and Hackländer, N. (1999) ‘Resocento della ricostruzione sperimentale di una fossa di fusione ellenistica e della cottura du un modello dell’Adorante di Berlino’, in Formigli, E. (ed.) I grandi bronzi antichi : le fonderie e le tecniche di lavorazione dall’età arcaica al Rinascimento: atti dei seminari di studi ed esperimenti, Murlo 24-30 luglio 1993 e 1-7 luglio 1995. Siena, Italy: Nuova immagine, pp. 299–316., (p. 301)
Italian refrattario

Art and Craft Textbooks

Bruni, F. (1994) La fusione artistica a cera persa. Venezia-Marghera: Edizioni Arte in., (p. 75)
Italian terra da forme

Historical Sources

Biringuccio, V. (1540) De la pirotechnia: 1540. Edited by A. Carugo. Milano: Edizioni Il Polifilo., (fols. 76v and 80v)
Italian tunica

General Dictionaries

Enciclopedia Treccani. (2010). Rome, Italy: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana., (https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fusione_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/)
Chinese 熔模
Chinese 熔模材料

General Dictionaries

明举新 = Juxin Ming (2010) 汉英冶金工业词典 = A comprehensive Chinese-English dictionary of metallurgical industry. 3rd edn. 中南大学出版社 = Zhong Nan University Press., (p. 1214)
Chinese 耐火材料

General Dictionaries

明举新 = Juxin Ming (2010) 汉英冶金工业词典 = A comprehensive Chinese-English dictionary of metallurgical industry. 3rd edn. 中南大学出版社 = Zhong Nan University Press., (p. 1036)

Cultural Heritage Publications

华觉明 = Hua Jueming (2013) ‘技术史的研究方法——以失蜡法学案为例 = Research methodology for history of technology: using lost-wax casting as an example’, 自然科学史研究 = Studies in the History of Natural Sciences, 32(3), pp. 347–359. Available at: https://www.ixueshu.com/document/214c9856c461100728794d8529613e51318947a18e7f9386.html (Accessed: 1 February 2021)., (p. 347)

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